Justifying the Inclusion of Race, Gender, Sexuality (etc.) in Philosophy Courses
Some university administrations are (as we have seen) trying to prevent professors from teaching about topics related to gender, sexuality, and race.
Some may be doing this of their own accord. Others may be begrudgingly succumbing to pressure from legislators or trustees. Still others may be preparing to manage or even resist that pressure.
The result is that some administrations are cancelling certain courses and many others are gathering information about courses.

He’s going to need those syllabi and justifications on his desk by 5pm
Last night, an anonymous contributor to the Teaching Philosophy Facebook Group shared what’s happening at their university:
I’m teaching at one of the universities that is requiring professors to provide justification for inclusion of topics related to race, gender, sex, and sexuality in all of our courses.
And they’re looking for help finding official or institutional or otherwise authoritative-sounding resources to help with that justification process:
I’m compiling resources that support the inclusion of these topics in philosophy courses. In particular, I’m looking for resources that have institutional backing (such as the APA or other professional orgs) that situate these topics within our discipline and/or convey clearly to non-philosophers that these are legitimate or essential topics of study within philosophy.
By way of example, they shared that:
some colleagues in Sociology are referring to the ASA Code of Ethics to support their choices (whether or not that will be successful remains to be seen). We don’t exactly have a corollary in philosophy as far as I know. But does anyone know of any resources… along those lines?
Your suggestions would, I’m sure, be greatly appreciated. Please be specific, and if possible, provide links to the relevant sites or documents.
Related: Texas A&M shutters its Women’s and Gender Studies Program.
Original poster here. Thank you, Justin, times a billion for sharing this.
Perhaps there is something relevant in the Minorities and Philosophy resources section
https://www.mapforthegap.com/resources.html
First off, I think it goes without saying that it is deeply sad, depressing even, that this is where we’re at, especially in philosophy, which is most often understood to have an extremely broad remit in what it takes as subjects of philosophical inquiry.
Second, I have doubts that appealing to what’s already there to argue that “these are legitimate and essential topics of study within philosophy” will work out. Because, in the view of those who most zealously support these measures, they should not be there and never should have been. Not everyone charged with making decisions will hold that view but, in the end, they may have to answer to someone who does. So appealing to past curricula, instructional guides, codes of ethics, even canonical texts may not be enough.
To be clear, it may be enough; I’m genuinely not certain here. But I suspect this cuts even deeper than the teaching of certain topics; it’s about the legitimacy of higher education as such, especially where it is seen to be investigating subjects for which the state has now decided upon a substantive position that it does not wish to see examined or challenged. If that is the case, and that would be genuinely the most depressing case if true, then instead of arguing about the legitimacy of certain topics being studied and taught in philosophy, we’re actually arguing something more fundamental, about the unexamined/examined life itself and what that means.
The demand that faculty ‘justify’ explicit references to race, gender and sexuality in course materials and instruction is itself, inherently, an exercise in racism, misogyny and homophobia, imposed by agents of the government, and facilitated by the complicity of university administrators.
This is not ‘sort of’, or ‘similar to’, or ‘analogous to’ the imposition of cultural hegemony in the service of a preferred demographic, it simply is the imposition of cultural hegemony in the service of a preferred demographic.
Can a person comply with, passively tolerate, or grudgingly participate in officially sanctioned bigotry and discrimination, which are well-established precursors to violence against disfavored groups, and still claim to not be a bigot themselves?
I’m interested in hearing the justifications for any such claim.
I don’t think this hyperbole is terribly helpful for anyone.
I’m sympathetic to these points. Many of us are faced with impossible decisions right now and doing our best to navigate a situation in which there are no morally pure options. I respect those whose leave and those who stay and continue to work to change these institutions from within. Both options come with their own costs (to us and to our students, our institutions, and the profession)
And so am I morally complicit in working within an institution that is doing a fascism? Yeah, probably. But no less complicit than if I leave my students in worse hands. For now, I’m going to do my best to keep using my extremely limited power to keep doing work that challenges those systems where I can, until it becomes untenable.
‘until it becomes untenable’
Quite a bit of ambiguity in this standard.
Untenable in what sense, and for whom?
The immediate harms (to students and faculty) of decrees like the one under discussion do not fall evenly, and the insidious damage caused by institutional compliance with these policies proliferates over time, in the form of a succession of classes that are truncated and distorted, and a succession of learners presented with materials that are not consistent with reality (e.g., no mention of the enduring effects slavery or prevalence of gender based violence in our society in courses where these have direct relevance). Such compliance serves to permit consideration only of regime approved content of any subject. This institutional compliance also normalizes the practice curricula design for manifestly malign purposes, and compulsory teaching of narratives that serve only to further these malign purposes. At the moment such policies are implemented, the well is already poisoned.
‘no less complicit than if I leave my students in worse hands’
Assigning degrees of complicity, ascertained by comparison to whomever might in the future be more complicit with the program of dismantling academic independence, seems somewhat dicey.
Individuals can (and do) acclimate to arrangements that are indefensible, and might even concoct hypothetical beneficent outcomes of the choice to acclimate. Are students’ interests aided, short-term and long-term, by the decision to acclimate? That’s not evident.
So, first of all, your original claim was that anybody who complies with an administrative demand to justify the inclusion of topics of race, gender or sexuality in their courses is a bigot. (You put it in terms of a rhetorical question about whether you could really ‘claim’ not to be a bigot, but that’s the clear implication of your question.) That’s different from claiming that, when you take the long-term consequences into account, complying with this sort of demand is a bad idea. Do you still stick by the “you’re a bigot” claim, or not?
On the claim that’s complying is a bad idea: I’m sympathetic to this. But let’s be more concrete: if OP decides not to comply, what exactly would you have them do instead? One option would be not to include these topics at all. I presume you’re not in favor of that. (Maybe avoiding the topics in order not to have to ask for permission is itself a kind of compliance.) Another is to quit their job. Finally, they could go ahead and teach the topics without going through the procedure of getting it cleared. Is that what you’re advocating? The possible downsides of that course of action are pretty obvious. And it’s not clear that doing so in this case will really lead to better long-term consequences. (Collective action problems loom here.)
You’re stating a general rule that it’s always better to defy rather than comply, but I’d say that which is better depends a lot on the particulars of the situation and what exactly is being demanded.
thanks for elaborating. can you clarify what you’re saying is the correct action that should be taken in this situation?
“The demand that faculty ‘justify’ explicit references to race, gender and sexuality in course materials and instruction is itself, inherently, an exercise in racism, misogyny and homophobia”
I’m opposed to the demand as a matter of policy and on other grounds, but I’d be interested in hearing your justification for this claim, which is doing a lot of work in your argument, but I don’t find it self-evident.
I changed my mind: here’s a good use-case for ChatGPT to generate bullsh*t in replying to those bullsh*t demands.
Flood the zone to keep them tied up, arguing with a machine…
I’d like to urge readers to comment with actual helpful suggestions. As a reminder, what the person writing in for help is seeking is:
“resources that support the inclusion of these topics in philosophy courses. In particular, I’m looking for resources that have institutional backing (such as the APA or other professional orgs) that situate these topics within our discipline and/or convey clearly to non-philosophers that these are legitimate or essential topics of study within philosophy.”
It’s a brief mention, but the APA’s “Statement on the Philosophy Major” from 1992 speaks of “questions about matters relating to gender, race, international relations, and differing cultural traditions” as “issues that have come into focus” and which are reflected in both the literature and teaching of philosophy “at many institutions.”
There are of course far more APA resources from the last 15 years (e.g., the APA Studies / Newsletters on Feminism & Philosophy, on LGBTQ Philosophy, on Hispanic/Latino Philosophy, etc.), but the OP may have greater luck using the older APA statement that shows that these issues were already seen as a valid part of the philosophical curriculum 35 years ago.
OP Anon, professional resources (like Sociology’s ASA statement) are probably not what you need if you’re justifying topics at the level of the syllabus. At that level, keep it bland and short — x is a topic related to y, course is on y. The administration is likely in CYA mode, wanting to be able to say “all race/gender material is appropriately relevant to the discipline.”
If you’re in a position to push back on this (tenured, in leadership), you should, because it is likely over compliance.
I like Patrick Lin’s idea of flooding the zone to keep people tied up. Here is a different way of approaching that idea:
Have the chairs of the departments get together and agree on a collective strategy of extremely scrupulous compliance, where every single class that mentions race, gender, or sexuality submits something. If you take this sort of request literally–and not as a pretext to detect and weed out evil DEI content–the number of classes that are going to submit something will be really huge. Think of all of the biology, psychology, sociology, philosophy, literature, modern language, religious studies, history, anthropology, communication and speech, political science, economics, etc., classes that bring up something related to race, gender, or sexuality.
MBW’s suggestion for the sort of thing to submit seems right to me–something short and bland. Probably best to have people coordinate on that too, the sort of thing people are going to submit, so that everything looks the same and nothing stands out from the giant mass of submissions.
Malicious compliance is the best kind of compliance. 🤘
But I’d think long submissions would also work, e.g., in tying administrators up even more. They might even pushing admins to use AI to read all those submissions. If that happens, then the submissions can be gamed so to influence AI to conclude whatever you want them to conclude…
In that case, the most unfortunate part of all this ends up being the sheer waste of time. None of this should be necessary. We shouldn’t have to game the system to be able to do what we’re meant to be doing, and which we would be able to do were it not for these needless obstacles. To be clear, I think your suggestion is a good one, given the circumstances; I am just lamenting that it has come to this.
Me too. It’s a colossal waste of time and energy, in addition to the hidden costs of using LLMs. 😔
Here’s a resistance strategy. Argue that race, gender and sexuality have been topics of interest to philosophy from the very beginning and that many of the key texts in the Western canon touch on these topics. Hence one can hardly teach the classic texts of the Western tradition without being prepared to discuss these issues. To debar discussion of race, gender and sexuality is either to debar discussion of key texts in the history of Western thought or to debar discussion of parts of such texts, both of which would be arguably inconsistent with the First Amendment.
Here’s a list of some classic philosophy texts (some of which I teach) which touch on the verboten topics:
Plato: Apology, Republic, Gorgias, Protagoras, Symposium.
Geek homosexuality both in in its socially approved and disapproved variants is part of the backdrop to these dialogues. For instance, Callicles is reproached for being a slave to the whims of his boyfriend Demos; there is, lot of talk about male beauticians and what they did for their (male) clients; the life of a pleasure-seeking tyrant is likened to that of a rent boy; and a constant running theme is Socrates’ attachment to Alcibiades. Plato was also a weird kind of proto-feminist, admitting women (Philosopher Queens) into his ruling class. So sexuality, equity and gender roles are all sub-themes in the key dialogues. Student questions are likely to arise. The symposium, of course is explicitly about love both homosexual and heterosexual. The institution of slavery is also part of the cultural backdrop and, since Greek slavery was partially a race-based affair (it was thought more acceptable to have barbarian rather than Greek slaves), race might be an issue.
Aristotle; Nicomachean Ethics and the Politics.
Aristotle defends a patriarchal social order and gives a race-based defence of slavery, both of which are central to his conception of the household and hence of the state. His argument that on the whole it pays to be good, is in effect an argument that it pays (in a certain kind of society) to be good if you are a certain kind of male privileged person. Should we be discussing Aristotle? Yes. Can we do so sensibly without raising the issues of race, gender or sexuality? No.
Aquinas, the two Summa’s, and books of excepts such as Aquinas Political Writings.
Since Aquinas is a practical as well as a theoretical moralist he naturally discusses sex, sexuality and gender roles. For example: ‘The sin of fornication consists in a man cohabiting with a woman who is not his wife; but by the addition of the circumstance of the woman with whom he cohabits being the wife of another, the sin is transferred to a new kind, namely, injustice, inasmuch as he takes to his own use what belongs to another; and in this way adultery is a more grievous sin than fornication’. This seems to presuppose that wives are the property of their husbands which, abhorrent though it may be, is clearly a thesis that pertains to sexuality and gender.
And of course my point generalises. Any serious book about practical ethics or politics, whether horribly sexist or not, is likely to touch on sexuality and gender, though not necessarily on race.
Hobbes: Leviathan
When Hobbes talks about men he means men and women but mostly men. That is to say his model of a human being is primarily a model of a male human being. There is therefore a question about whether his state of nature would really devolve into a state of war if he took seriously the fact that women comprise half of the human race. However in an odd way Hobbes was a kind of anti-patriarchalist since he thinks men and women are fundamentally equal and that in a state of nature parental power belongs to women rather than men. Nonetheless there is no injustice in the fact that most extant societies are run in the interests of men rather than women. Again, questions of gender and sexuality, though not so much race, are likely to arise.
Locke: Second Treatise of Government
Like Hobbes, Locke was an anti-patriachalist though hardly a feminist. Parental power belongs to both the mother and the father, so not to the father exclusively, contradicting Filmer. Indeed, this plays an important part in his arguments against Filmerian absolutism. So gender roles and rights are an issue. There is also the inconvenient fact that William III, extolled as ‘our glorious deliverer from popery and slavery’, was the head of a slaver state, the slavery being mostly race-based, and that Locke himself was a shareholder in two slaving outfits, The Royal African Company and The Bahamas Company. Thus the arguments against slavery in the Second Treatise of Government were employed selectively by Locke in favour of white as opposed to black people. Smart students are likely to notice. Then there is the Lockean idea that one can acquire property in land by mixing ones labour with it thereby improving it, which means that if you don’t mix your labour with the land and don’t ‘improve’ it, you don’t own it, an idea that has been employed in a race-biased way to justify the dispossession of indigenous people. So race, sexuality and gender all raise their debatable heads.
David Hume A Treatise of Human Nature and an Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals.
In the Treatise Hume has an extensive discussion of Chastity as an artificial virtue, justifying a sexual double standard. In the Enquiry there is an extensive compare-and-contrast between the mores of the French aristocracy with their relaxed attitude towards adultery and those of the ancient Athenians who considered adultery on a par with robbery and poisoning but were relaxed about or even approving of homosexuality.
Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations and the Theory of the Moral Sentiments
Smith discusses and critiques the institution of slavery, race-based in his day.
The Utilitarians , Godwin, Bentham, Mill Sidgwick etc.
Since they were pioneers of women’s rights and gay rights, and indeed contraception, often critiquing traditional feminine roles, it would be pretty difficult to discuss their work without touching on sexuality and gender unless the course confined itself to abstract discussion of utility and stayed away from any practical applications. And of course the issue of race arises since many of the early utilitarians have been criticised for their racist biases and their complicity in Britain’s imperial project.
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The challenge then is this. You say to the authorities ‘We can’t teach the classics without raising issues of race, sexuality and gender. Are you saying that we can’t teach the classics?’ The response hopefully would be ‘Er.. well, no’. You then go on to say ‘Well if we are allowed to raise these issues when discussing classic texts, why can’t we raise them in the context of contemporary philosophy?’. But what if the answer is ‘In that case you can’t teach the classic texts’ ? Then in my view the right course of actions is open defiance: ‘I am going to teach the great texts of the Western tradition in a way that encourages student discussion, including discussion of sensitive topics: fire me if you dare!’ And what if they fire you? Then sue. Is this course of action risky? It sure is, though the risk would be mitigated if say the entire department adopted the same strategy. It would be highly embarrassing to fire an entire department on the grounds that they insisted on teaching the classics of Western thought without either censoring student discussion or steering them away from sensitive topics because of the say-so of a political appointee.
The advantage of this approach is that it exposes the Trumpistas for what they are – enemies of the liberal principles (imperfectly) enshrined the American constitution. It exposes them as traitors to ideals that they sometimes profess. By contrast, Professor Dr Rushlau’s implied strategy – denouncing the Trimpistas for ‘racism, misogyny and homophobia’ – is not likely to cut much ice with those who think that ‘racism, misogyny and homophobia’ (or what Dr Rushlau calls ‘racism, misogyny and homophobia’) are not necessarily bad things.
Might this policy require sacrifice? Absolutely. But consider this. If a fascistic foreign invader were trying to overthrow America’s liberal and democratic institutions (radically imperfect as they are ) and if you were of military age wouldn’t you think yourself obliged to defend them even at the risk of your life? Well, a set of domestic enemies are trying to overthrow America’s liberal and democratic institutions including the universities. If it would be right to defend those institutions at the risk of your lives in the case of a foreign invader, it is surely right to defend them at them at risk of your livelihoods in the case of a domestic foe. Defiance breeds defiance; compliance (even if accompanied by covert defiance) breeds compliance. Those who comply in the short term when they could do otherwise (though at some personal risk) may well find in the long term that defiance is no longer a option.
Easy for me to say, safe on the other side of the world, where even the radical right has a grudging respect for liberal and democratic institutions? Sure. But that does not mean that I am wrong. I spent years as a member of Amnesty International writing on behalf of of people who took much bigger risks for the sake of freedom. Whenever in my life I have taken a political risk – for instance by publicly criticising the Vice-Chancellor of my university – and felt some qualms of fear, I have been fortified by the thought that I would be pretty poor specimen if I were too timid to take a slight risk (that of disciplinary action or, much less likely, dismissal) for what I believed in, when so many others were willing to lay their lives and liberties on the line.